It may be useful at this point to consider graphs of more advanced components, pontentially looking at some applied graph instances.

- A phonebook is a graph
- A telephone switchboard is a graph
- State diagrams and parsers are graphs
- Driving directions are graphs--maps are graphs
- A recipe is   a graph

Many corporate procedures follow rules of order, with specific descriptions of if/then resolution actions.
Medical diagnostics, mechanical troubleshooting, preflight checklists, personal care, all follow a systematic approach to handling problem-solving in domains of inclomplete information.


A graph may represent a function in source code.   A higher order graph may represent a sequence of function calls.   Yet another graph may represent allowable or suspicious program states.

Trees, filesystems, flow charts, networks, databases, communications, AI, security, debugging, computer science use graph traversal algorithms to access nodes and paths, and efficiency analysis to choose or adjust these structures.

Neural networks, markov models, probabilistic counting all rely on graph analysis.

Binary numbers are graph representations of larger unary counts, by means of positional exponential sums.